Visit our EasyBib Twitter feed to discover more citing tips, fun grammar facts, and the latest product updates. American Psychological Association. Publication manual of the American Psychological Association 7th ed. Written and edited by Michele Kirschenbaum and Elise Barbeau. Michele Kirschenbaum is a school library media specialist and the in-house librarian at EasyBib. Elise Barbeau is the Citation Specialist at Chegg.
She has worked in digital marketing, libraries, and publishing. An example of author names in a reference entry having more than 20 authors is given below:. Author Surname1, F. Last Author Surname, F. Publication Year. Alvarez, L. Nicole Jones, K. APA 7, released in October , has some new updates. Here is a brief description of the updates made in APA 7. How to format a student title page is explained in Chapter 2.
Examples of a professional paper and a student paper are included. Chapter 6 gives some updates on style elements including using a single space after a period, including a citation with an abbreviation, the treatment of numbers in abstracts, treatment for different types of lists, and the formatting of gene and protein names.
In Chapter 7, additional examples are given for tables and figures for different types of publications. In Chapter 8, how to format quotations and how to paraphrase text are covered with additional examples.
A simplified version of in-text citations is clearly illustrated. Chapter 9 has many updates: listing all author names up to 20 authors, standardizing DOIs and URLs, and the formatting of an annotated bibliography. Chapter 10 includes many examples with templates for all reference types. New rules covering the inclusion of the issue number for journals and the omission of publisher location from book references are provided.
Upload a paper to check for plagiarism against billions of sources and get advanced writing suggestions for clarity and style. Get Started. Certain features require a modern browser to function. Please use a different browser, like Firefox , Chrome , or Safari. Table of Contents Citation Generator. Empirical studies Empirical studies take data from observations and experiments to generate research reports. Methodological articles These articles showcase new advances, or modifications to an existing practice, in a scientific method or procedure.
Case studies Case studies present information related an individual, group, or larger set of individuals. Here are key guidelines to developing your title page: The title of the paper should capture the main idea of the essay, but should not contain abbreviations or words that serve no purpose. Center the title on the page and place it about lines from the top. The title should be bolded, in title case, and the same font size as your other page text. Do not underline or italicize the title.
Other text on the page should be plain not bolded , underlined, or italicized. All text on the title page should be double-spaced. The APA format examples paper below displays proper spacing, so go take a look! The institutional affiliation is the school the author attends or the location where the author conducted the research. Sample of an APA format title page for a student paper: Sample of title page for a professional paper:.
Here are some helpful suggestions to create a dynamic abstract: Abstracts are found on their own page, directly after the title or cover page.
Professional papers only not student papers : Include the running head on the top of the page. On the following line, write a summary of the key points of your research. Your abstract summary is a way to introduce readers to your research topic, the questions that will be answered, the process you took, and any findings or conclusions you drew.
Use concise, brief, informative language. You only have a few sentences to share the summary of your entire document, so be direct with your wording. This summary should not be indented, but should be double-spaced and less than words. If applicable, help researchers find your work in databases by listing keywords from your paper after your summary. To do this, indent and type Keywords : in italics. Then list your keywords that stand out in your research. You can also include keyword strings that you think readers will type into the search box.
Use an active voice, not a passive voice. When writing with an active voice, the subject performs the action. When writing with a passive voice, the subject receives the action. Active voice: The subjects reacted to the medication. Passive voice: There was a reaction from the subjects taking the medication. Instead of evaluating your project in the abstract, simply report what it contains.
View our in-depth APA Abstract guide. Most papers follow this format: At the top of the page, add the page number in the upper right corner of all pages, including the title page. On the next line write the title in bold font and center it. Do not underline or italicize it. Begin with the introduction and indent the first line of the paragraph.
All paragraphs in the body are indented. The heading title should be in capital letters. The abstract page should be page 2. The introduction presents the problem and premise upon which the research was based. It goes into more detail about this problem than the abstract. Begin a new section with the Method and use this word as the subtitle.
Bold and center this subtitle. The Method section shows how the study was run and conducted. Be sure to describe the methods through which data was collected. Begin a new section with the Results. The Results section summarizes your data. Use charts and graphs to display this data. Begin a new section with the Discussion. This Discussion section is a chance to analyze and interpret your results.
Draw conclusions and support how your data led to these conclusions. Discuss whether or not your hypothesis was confirmed or not supported by your results.
Determine the limitations of the study and next steps to improve research for future studies. Sample body for a professional paper:. In APA format, there are five levels of headings, each with a different formatting: Level 1: This is the title of your paper The title should be centered in the middle of the page The title should be bolded Use uppercase and lowercase letters where necessary called title capitalization Level 2: Place this heading against the left margin Use bold letters Use uppercase and lowercase letters where necessary Level 3: Place this heading against the left side margin Use bold letters Use uppercase and lowercase letters where necessary End the heading with a period Level 4: Indented in from the left margin Bolded Use uppercase and lowercase letters where necessary End the heading with a period Level 5: Indented Bolded Italicized Use uppercase and lowercase letters where necessary End the heading with a period Following general formatting rules, all headings are double spaced and there are no extra lines or spaces between sections.
Here is a visual APA format template for levels of headings:. The first graphic, labeled as 1, should be the first one mentioned in the text. Follow them in the appropriate numerical order in which they appear in the text of your paper.
Example : Figure 1, Figure 2, Table 1, Figure 3. Example: Figure 1, Figure 2, Table 1, Figure 3 Only use graphics if they will supplement the material in your text. If they reinstate what you already have in your text, then it is not necessary to include a graphic. Include enough wording in the graphic so that the reader is able to understand its meaning, even if it is isolated from the corresponding text. However, do not go overboard with adding a ton of wording in your graphic.
Tables: Is there anything better than seeing a neatly organized data table? General format of a table should be: Table number Title Table Note Here are a few pointers to keep in mind: Choose to type out your data OR create a table.
Choose one or the other. If you choose to create a table, discuss it very briefly in the text. Table 1 is the first table discussed in the paper. Table 2 is the next table mentioned, and so on. This should be in bold.
Add a title under the number. Create a brief, descriptive title. Capitalize the first letter for each important word. Italicize the title and place it under the table number. Formatting: Only use horizontal lines. Limit use of cell shading. Keep the font at point size and use single or double spacing.
If you use single spacing in one table, make sure all of the others use single spaces as well. Keep it consistent. All headings should be centered. In the first column called the stub , center the heading, left-align the information underneath it indent 0. Information in other columns should be centered. Note: If you need to further explain something, or include an APA format citation, place it in a note below the table.
There are 3 types: General. Information about the whole table. Information targeted for a specific column, row, or cell. Explains what certain table symbols mean. For example, asterisks, p values, etc. Figures: Figures represent information in a visual way. This means each should include: Figure number Title Figure Note Use the same formatting tables use for the number, title, and note.
Here are some pointers to keep in mind when it comes to APA format for figures: Only include a figure if it adds value to your paper. If it will truly help with understanding, include it! Either include a figure OR write it all out in the text. Do not include the same information twice. If a note is added, it should clearly explain the content of the figure. APA format sample of a figure: Photographs: We live in a world where we have tons of photographs available at our fingertips.
Create a reference for the photograph. Follow the guidelines under the table and figure sections above. Do not use color photos. It is recommended to use black and white. Using black and white ensures the reader will be able to view the image clearly. If there are sections of the photograph that are not related to your work, it is acceptable to crop them out. If you choose to include an image of a person you know, it would be respectful if you ask their permission before automatically including their photo in your paper.
Some schools and universities post research papers online and some people prefer that their photos and information stay off the Internet. Publication manual of the American Psychological Association 7th ed. Citations help readers locate your sources.
They help to continue the scholarly conversation. To learn more about how citations can help you avoid plagiarism, view this interactive tutorial:. When considering citations and references for your papers, you can ask yourself, "could someone find this information in the future? A client's personal file would not need a citation because your reader cannot go find that information again. Census statistics would require a citation because your reader could go locate that information again.
If any of the elements listed above are unavailable, check out "Missing Reference Information" from APA for more information. It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results. With millions of copies sold worldwide in multiple languages, it is the style manual of choice for writers, researchers, editors, students, and educators in the social and behavioral sciences, natural sciences, nursing, communications, education, business, engineering, and other fields.
Sources used and cited in the paper are included in the reference list. Parenthetical citations Author s and publication year are always included. A page or paragraph number is included for all quoted material, using the appropriate abbreviation: p. The citation is included within the ending punctuation for the sentence.
Narrative citations Authors of cited studies are included within the sentence. Publication years are included the first time a source is used in a paragraph; all subsequent uses of that same source do not include the publication year.
Note: Rule starts over with a new paragraph. Reference List The title of the list is centered and bolded. Sources listed in the reference list are cited at least once in the paper. Reference entries. Each entry has an automatically formatted hanging indent. Each entry has the basic information as available : author s , publication year, title, and retrieval information.
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